Plant Protection specialist

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Abstract In the last decades, viral diseases cause to high losses in worldwide crop production. Since, agents with direct effects on virus particles are not available, management approaches of viral diseases includes control of vectors and/or protection of plants according to transformation. According to this, high plant extracts considered as a source antiviral agents. The consequences of residual toxicity and non-biodegradation of synthetic chemicals and pollution of the environment has led to investigations into new non-toxic and biological treatments to control plant viral diseases. The attention of researchers today is focused on the use of plant extracts.In this study, antiviral effect of plant extracts against plant viruses was examined. Considering the results of the conducted research, it can be expected that new plant species will be identified as antiviral sources. Finally, by identifying effective compounds in these species, we can hope for access to biological antiviral compounds with fewer side effects.

Abstract Today, the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers around the world to maintain and enhance crop yields has increased. These compounds are added to increase the effectiveness of pesticides and chemical fertilizers and plant growth regulators or to facilitate mixing. They turn. The chemical activity of the additives affects the product formulation or the tank of the sprayer. The effect of activating the accompanying materials are: reducing the surface tension which increases the contact surface, increasing the amount of moisture and wetting, increasing the movement of toxins and fertilizers in the foliage. Therefore, the choice of a complex in the formulation of associated compounds is very important. Additives in developed countries, especially the United States and Europe, play a very important role in the consumption of compounds related to the agricultural sector. Agricultural additives, especially such as glyphosate formulations, have been modified to reduce biotoxicity, which reduces costs and environmental pollution. By introducing as many surfactants in agriculture, in the near future, these useful substances can be used to improve chemical control and increase yield in Iranian agriculture.

Abstract Fusarium oxysporum is a well-known soil-borne plant pathogen, which causes vascular wilt in agricultural crops worldwide. During the infection process, various virulence factors, such as cell wall-degrading enzymes, as well as effectors and mycotoxins, are secreted by F. oxysporum, which play an important role in fungal pathogenesis. Also, these factors are responsible for the response to abiotic environmental and host stresses. Meanwhile, a number of these transcription factors have been studied, which are necessary for pathogenesis through different mechanisms and pathways. These transcription factors were classified in several families, and the family of zinc finger is the largest family among these families. The current research study has determined the functional role of some of these transcription factors in F. oxysporum, which are were classified in four groups based on their pathogenic role in F. oxysporum. In addition, biological functions, pathways, target domains, homologues of these transcription factors and analysis of the relationship between them were compared. This review presents a classification analysis of genes regulatory to F. oxysporum virulence related.

Abstract In biological sciences, the use of modeling for research purposes is common and necessary in many fields of biological, agricultural and medical sciences. Insects are invertebrate models that have received attention in various fields. Model insects have been chosen as model animals due to their unique characteristics among thousands of other arthropod species, of which Drosophila is one of the leading species. Drosophila melanogaster has been used as a laboratory model since about 100 years ago. Drosophila is used as a laboratory model in the fields of agriculture, medicine, and biology due to the ease of access and breeding in laboratory conditions, short developmental period (10 days), production of a large number of eggs, easy study of traits (4 pairs of chromosomes). In agricultural science, the investigation of resistance to chemical pesticides and their metabolism can be done with using fruit fly. In medical sciences, the study of human diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, cognitive-behavioral disorders, diabetes, and cancer diagnosis can be done using Drosophila. In addition, drug tests on fruit fly are applicable. It is used in biological sciences for cell culture and investigating the effect of metabolites. Genetic studies can also be carried out, such as examining all types of mutations, especially vision mutations, mutations in behavioral processes, and mutations in fetal patterns.

Abstract Plants are uncovered to manifold environmental factors every day, so vigilant reprogramming is compulsory to establish an equilibrium between stress responses and plant growth and development processes. In higher plants, Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) can move between cells, tissues, and also over long distances via phloem. All classes of RNAs have been found in phloem samples, but so far, it is not well understood how the transfer of RNA is carried out mechanistically. The noteworthy point is that small RNAs and some mRNAs can move from cell to cell or integrally in the plant and in this way act as a mobile silencing agent inside the plant. In this article, we will discuss the classification of mobile RNAs, the biological functions of RNA transfer, including their role in plant immunity and morphogenesis, transfer mechanisms, including: sequences that facilitate RNA to transfer, RNA binding proteins, RNA transfer by regulation of plasmodesmata permeability, potential alternative pathways in RNA trafficking like plant pseudo-exosomes. A deeper understanding of this biological information is crucial to open new and interesting avenues for breeding applications, including the identifications and development of resistant crops to biotic and abiotic stresses.

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