Document Type : Review article
Authors
1 Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr Branch, Department, Plant Protection, Ghaemshahr, Iran
2 Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
3 Fisheries Dept, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
Abstract
Neonicotinoids, as the fastest growing class of insecticides, have revolutionized the protection of agricultural and horticultural crops. The unique properties of these compounds, including high efficacy against a wide range of pests, flexibility in application, and systemic nature leading to uniform distribution in plant tissues, have made them a key tool in modern agriculture. However, these same properties have provided high environmental stability, which is directly linked to ecological risks and potential toxicity to non-target organisms. Acetamiprid, as a new generation insecticide, was initially considered due to its lower toxicity to honeybees (as vital pollinators) and was considered a relatively safer alternative for pest control. Acetamiprid’s mechanism of action is through the specific targeting of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in insects; however, evidence suggests that its widespread and ongoing use has been associated with direct and indirect negative consequences on ecosystems. One of the key challenges addressed in this study is the evidence of the potential toxicity of acetamiprid to mammals, which, contrary to initial assumptions, has raised serious concerns for the health of non-target species. Finally, this article explains the need to review the use protocols of these compounds and the need for integrated pest management (IPM) approaches to reduce the environmental footprint of neonicotinoids.
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