Document Type : Review article
Authors
1 Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr Branch, Department, Plant Protection, Ghaemshahr, Iran
2 Department of Horticultural Science and Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources
Abstract
Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control plant pests and diseases, yet their residues can harm the environment and human health. When exposed to these toxic substances, plants employ complex mechanisms of metabolism and detoxification that help them mitigate the harmful effects of these compounds. These mechanisms include processes such as converting pesticides into non-toxic compounds, transporting them to other parts of the plant, or eliminating them through metabolic pathways. At the molecular level, metabolic enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, glutathione S-transferases, and carboxylesterases play key roles in neutralizing pesticides and altering their chemical structures. These enzymes convert pesticide molecules into less toxic metabolites that reduce damage to plant tissues. In addition, transport proteins such as P-glycoproteins contribute to the movement and compartmentalization of these toxic substances and their metabolic derivatives. Plants also protect themselves through antioxidant systems and other mechanisms, including conjugation with peptide compounds or phenolic derivatives. Studies have shown that genetic differences among plant species can greatly influence the efficiency of detoxification pathways, with some species capable of degrading or eliminating pesticides more rapidly and effectively. Such research can support the development of more sustainable agricultural practices and optimize pesticide use to reduce environmental and health risks.
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